In attempting to explain some of the adverse outcomes associated with chronic and multi-type maltreatment a concept that is often employed is complex trauma. Research indicates that those who experience multi-type maltreatment and/or poly-victimisation are more likely to experience high levels of trauma symptoms and worse outcomes as adults than those who are exposed to no maltreatment or only one type (Finkelhor et al., 2007 Higgins & McCabe, 2001 Richmond, Elliot, Pierce, Aspelmeier, & Alexander, 2009). Further to this, other forms of victimisation (known as poly-victimisation) such as bullying or assault by a peer have often been found to co-occur with child maltreatment (Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner, 2007). Research suggests that maltreatment types are interrelated, that is, a large proportion of adults who experience childhood abuse or neglect are exposed to more than one type of abuse (known as multi-type maltreatment). 39) has been linked to worse outcomes than transitory or isolated incidents of maltreatment (e.g., Ethier, Lemelin, & Lacharite, 2004 Graham et al., 2010 Johnson-Reid, Kohl, & Drake, 2012). Critical factors that may influence the way child abuse and neglect affects adults include the frequency and duration of maltreatment and if more than one type of maltreatment has occurred.Ĭhronic maltreatment defined as "recurrent incidents of maltreatment over a prolonged period of time" (Bromfield & Higgins, 2005, p. For some adults, the effects of child abuse and neglect are chronic and debilitating, other adults have less adverse outcomes, despite their histories (Miller-Perrin & Perrin, 2007). The consequences of experiencing child abuse and neglect will vary considerably. The five main subtypes of child abuse and neglect are physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, neglect, sexual abuse and witnessing family violence.įor more information on the definitions of child abuse and neglect see What is Child Abuse and Neglect? Factors affecting the consequences of abuse and neglect Such behaviours may be intentional or unintentional and can include acts of omission (i.e., neglect) and commission (i.e., abuse) (Bromfield, 2005 Christoffel et al., 1992 Gilbert et al., 2009). Types of abuse and neglectĬhild abuse and neglect refers to any behaviour by parents, caregivers, other adults or older adolescents that is outside the norms of conduct and entails a substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm to a child or young person. The purpose of this resource is to indicate the potential long-term effects of child abuse and neglect that may extend into adulthood. They discovered the participants who had experienced more childhood maltreatment showed greater distrust and were less consistent when judging photographs of unfamiliar faces.Experiencing abuse and neglect in childhood can lead to adverse outcomes in adulthood. In a 2021 study published in Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, researchers implemented a distrust game with the participants. Sadly, being exposed to childhood trauma may affect an individual's ability to trust. For example, an avoidant attachment style can develop after being abused or neglected by caregivers and may contribute to avoidant behavior or refusing to seek help from others.Įstablishing trust is essential for sustaining a healthy, long-lasting relationship with others. In comparison, those with unhealthy bonds to their caretakers may display insecure attachment styles (per Verywell Mind). Those who form healthy bonds with their caretakers are more likely to develop a secure attachment style, feeling reassured that their loved ones will not abandon them. John Bowlby, a British psychologist, examined attachment styles and how separation from caregivers affects children.
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